And Installation Of - Asce 20-96 Standard Guidelines For The Design

| Parameter | Tolerance | |-----------|-----------| | Plumbness (vertical piles) | 1% of length (max 2 inches per 10 ft) | | Horizontal alignment | 3 inches at cut-off elevation | | Tip elevation (friction piles) | ±4 inches | | Tip elevation (end-bearing) | ±1 inch |

Furthermore, installation standards were dangerously vague. Contractors often believed that "more compaction is always better," leading to over-compaction that crushed flexible pipes. Conversely, poor bedding led to settlement and pipe rupture.

The standard recommends:

: Includes an appendix on partial factors of safety and allows for the reduction of these factors when advanced integrity verification tests are utilized.